|
| birth_place = Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain | death_date = | death_place = Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain | nationality = Scottish | alma_mater = University of Edinburgh | era = 18th-century philosophy | region = Western philosophy | school_tradition = * Scottish Enlightenment * Naturalism * Skepticism * Empiricism * Sentimentalism * Liberalism | main_interests = * * * Philosophy of mind * Political philosophy * Philosophy of religion * Classical economics | notable_ideas = * Problem of causation * * Association of ideas * Is–ought problem * | influences = * George Berkeley * Cicero * René Descartes * Thomas Hobbes * Francis Hutcheson * John Locke * Nicolas Malebranche * Isaac Newton * Jean-Jacques Rousseau * Adam Smith | influenced = * A. J. Ayer * Simon Blackburn * Noam Chomsky * Gilles Deleuze * Albert Einstein * Jerry Fodor * Alexander Hamilton * Baron d'Holbach * Edmund Husserl * William James * Immanuel Kant * Ernst Mach * J. L. Mackie * James Madison * John Stuart Mill * Benjamin Franklin * Karl Popper * Thomas Reid * Bertrand Russell * Arthur Schopenhauer * Adam Smith }} David Hume (; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Hume's empiricist approach to philosophy places him with John Locke, George Berkeley, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Hobbes as a British Empiricist. Beginning with his ''A Treatise of Human Nature'' (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Against rationalists, Hume held that passion rather than reason governs human behaviour. He argued against the existence of innate ideas, postulating that humans can have knowledge only of the objects of experience, and the relations of ideas, calling the rest "nothing but sophistry and illusion", a dichotomy later given the name ''Hume's fork''. He also argued that inductive reasoning, and therefore causality, cannot, ultimately, be justified rationally: our belief in causality and induction instead results from custom, habit, and experience of "Constant conjunction" rather than logic.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Berlin, I.; Hardy, H.,: The Roots of Romanticism (Second edition) (eBook and Paperback). )〕 He denied that humans have an actual conception of the self, positing that we experience only a bundle of sensations, and that the self is nothing more than this bundle of causally-connected perceptions. Hume's compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom, and has proved extremely influential on subsequent moral philosophy.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hume on Free Will )〕 Hume was also a sentimentalist who held that ethics are based on emotion or sentiment rather than abstract moral principle, famously proclaiming that "Reason Is and Ought Only to Be the Slave of the Passions". Contemporary scholars view Hume's moral theory as a unique attempt to synthesize the modern sentimentalist moral tradition to which Hume belonged, with the virtue ethics tradition of ancient philosophy, with which Hume concurred in regarding traits of character, rather than acts or their consequences, as ultimately the proper objects of moral evaluation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hume )〕 Hume's moral theory maintained an early commitment to naturalistic explanations of moral phenomena, and is usually taken to have first clearly expounded the is–ought problem, or the idea that a statement of fact alone can never give rise to a normative conclusion of what ''ought'' to be done.〔 While Hume was derailed in his attempts to start a university career by protests over his "atheism," and bemoaned that his literary debut, ''A Treatise of Human Nature'' 'fell dead-born from the press',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Texts - My Own Life (1777) )〕 Hume nevertheless found literary success in his lifetime as an essayist, and a career as a librarian at the University of Edinburgh. His tenure there, and the access to research materials it provided, ultimately resulted in Hume's writing the massive six-volume ''The History of England'', which became a bestseller and the standard history of England in its day. Hume described his lust for literary fame as his "ruling passion"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Texts - My Own Life (1777) )〕 and himself judged his two late works, the so-called "first" and "second" enquiries, ''An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding'' and ''An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals'', respectively, to be his greatest literary and philosophical achievements,〔 asking his contemporaries to judge him on the merits of the later texts alone, rather than the more radical formulations of his early, youthful work, dismissing his philosophical debut as juvenilia: "A work which the Author had projected before he left College."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Texts - Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects, vol. 2 (1777) )〕 Nevertheless, despite Hume's protestations, a general consensus exists today that Hume's strongest and most important arguments, and most philosophically distinctive doctrines, are found in the original form they take in the ''Treatise'', begun when Hume was just 23 years old, and now regarded as one of the most important works in the history of Western Philosophy.〔 Hume has proved extremely influential on subsequent Western thought, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism, William James, Immanuel Kant, the philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive science, theology and other movements and thinkers. ==Biography== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「David Hume」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|